Reference List

• Aday, L.A., Mayer, M.L., & Phillips, K.A. (July-August, 2000). Barriers to care among racial/ethnic groups under managed care: ethnic minorities continue to encounter barriers to care in the current managed-care dominated U.S. health care system. Health Affairs, 19, 65-75.
  • This article describes barriers to care reported by racial/ethnic groups and explores the extent to which barriers between persons enrolled in managed care and those in non-managed care plans. A substantial percentage reported experiencing barriers. Although managed care enrollees were more likely to report having a usual source of care and greater continuity of care, they also reported more difficulties obtaining care and less satisfaction with their care.
• Ahlqvist, Ma., & Wirfalt, E. (2000). Beliefs concerning dietary practices during pregnancy and lactation. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 14, 105-111.
  • The aim of this study was to explore cultural beliefs about food and health during pregnancy and lactation. Fourteen Iranian women were interviewed and five major categories emerged: hot-cold values, fetal attributes, satisfaction of cravings, survival of the mother, and quantity and quality of the milk.
• Averill, J.; Congdon, J.G.; Davis, R., Magilvy, J.K., & Martinez, R. (June 2000). Caring for our own. Journal of Aging Studies, 14, 171-191.
  • This study looked at the problems that exist among rural elders and access to health care. Some of the barriers were language, cultural and economical. Based on one large longitudinal and there companion ethnographic studies of rural aging and health care in which a large percentage of the participants were Hispanic. Three themes were identified: 1) taking care of our own; 2) spirituality as integral to life and health; and, 3) acceptance or prejudice - understanding cultural differences.
• Baldwin K., Humbles P., Armmer F., Cramer M., (2001) Perceived health needs of urban African American church congregants. Public Health Nursing, 18, 295-303.
  • The purpose of this study is to describe the perceived needs and expectations of 117 randomly selected congregants in five urban African American churches. The results were that younger adults were significantly more concerned about all aspects of their health than their older counterparts. Women were significantly more likely to express concern about health habits and health risks than males. No significant relationship was found between perceived need and access to care.
• Brooke, Deborah, and Akram Omeri (1999). Beliefs about childhood immunization among Lebanese Muslim immigrants in Australia. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 10, 229-236.
  • The aim of this study was to describe and analyze care values, beliefs, and practices relating to immunizations by Lebanese Muslim immigrants. Data was collected via in-depth interviews. The sample consisted of 22 participants who were interviewed for 45-90 minutes with follow-up interviews lasting 30-60 minutes.
• Browne, A. and Fiske, J. (2001). First Nations women's encounters with mainstream health care services. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 23, 126-147.
  • This study sought to gain an understanding First Nations women's encounters with mainstream health services by considering the perspectives of 10 women from a reserve community in a rural area. Ten women were used in two in depth interviews for the study.
• Canales, M. K., & Bowers, B.J. (2001, October). Expanding conceptualizations of culturally competent care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36, 102-111.
  • The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of cultural competence from the perspectives of non-mainstream nurse educators. The results concluded that from the perspectives of the studied nurse educators, caring for different populations was not substantially different from caring for familiar groups. They stated that competence in caring for any patient was more the issue that expertise about particular cultural groups.
• Cohen, J.W., Weinick, R.M., & Zuvekas, S.H. (Nov 2000). Racial and ethnic differences in access to and use of health care services, 1977 to 1966. Medical Care Research and Review, 56, 36-45.
  • This study focuses on racial and ethnic disparities in health care, describing both absolute differences and relative changes in access to care and the use of health services among whites, blacks, and Hispanics over the past two decades.
• Coon H., Kemmelmeier M., (2001) Cultural Orientations in the United States: (Re) Examining Differences among ethnic groups. Journal of Cross Cultural psychology, 32, 348-364.
  • In this study the authors investigate differences in individualism and collectivism between the four largest ethnic groups in the United States (African Americans, Asian Americans, Latino Americans, and European Americans). It has been asserted that U.S. minorities score higher in collectivism compared to European Americans, whereas European Americans score higher in individualism than minorities. The results were that Asian Americans and African Americans but not Latinos scored higher in collectivism than did European Americans. African Americans exhibited the highest levels of individualism.
• Cortis, J.D. (March, 2000). Caring as experienced by minority ethnic patients. International Nursing Review, 47, 53-62.
  • This study focused on interviewing a group of 20 males and 8 females that were of a Palastani community. The aim of this study was to explore the concept of care. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in this study. The participants in this study had be hospitalized within the previous 6-12 months. This study demonstrated the congruence in the literature that caring is a big part of nursing. There is also a link between caring a culture.
• Dupree C., (2000) The attitudes of black American toward advance directives. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 11, 12-18.
  • The purpose of this study is to describe how some Black American’s view advance directives. Current literature revealed that most prior studies used quantitative methods with force-choice questions and had few Black subjects. Interviews were conducted with 17 Black Americans. Black Americans in this study did not desire unconditional end-of-life treatment. The conclusions were that this sample had a positive attitude toward the utility of advance directives.
• Gilliland, M.D, et al. (1999). Preventive health care among rural Americans in New Mexico. Preventive Medicine, 28, 194-202.
  • This study was done in order to determine the extent to which prevention and early detection services were utilized by the American Indian population in New Mexico. There were 1,273 American Indians above the age of 18 interviewed for this study. The study found that the use of preventive services was unexpectedly high among this low income, low geographical location.
  • Hodge, F.S, Pasqua, A., et al. (January 2002). Utilizing traditional story telling to promote wellness in American Indian Communities. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13, 6-11.
  • This research study discusses how storytelling promotes health and wellness in the American Indian population. The results show that storytelling motivated tribal members to adopt a healthy lifestyle by allowing them to reconnect and identify with past tribal realities.
• Hundt, Gillian L., et al. (2000). Women's health custom made: Building on the 40 days postpartum for the Arab women. Health Care for Women International, 21, 529-542.
  • This study examines the health practices of Arab women during the 40-day postpartum period. The study was done over a period of five years. The data obtained came from fifteen in-depth interviews of Israeli women and were focused on the 40-day postpartum period. The women that were interviewed described general practices
• Jeffreys, M.R. & Smodlaka, I. (1998, August). Exploring the factorialcomposition of the transcultural self-efficacy tool. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 35, 217-225.
  • The transcultural self-efficacy tool was designed to measure and evaluate students’ confidence for performing general transcultural nursing skills among diverse client populations. The results suggest that the tool assesses the multidimensional nature of transcultural self-efficacy and taps the three dimensions of learning (cognitive, practical, and affective).
• Konishi E., Davis A., (2001) The Right-to-die and the duty-to-die: perceptions of nurses in the West and in Japan. International Nursing Review, 48, 17-28.
  • This article describes the perceptions of a sample of 72 Japanese nurses and 71 counterparts from the West. The right-to-die received support from all of the western and from a majority of the Japanese sample. However, the duty-to-die received weaker support from the West and rather strong disagreement from Japan.
• Kulwicki, A. (2000). Collaborative partnership for culture care: Enhancing health services for the arab community. Journal of Transcultural Nursing,11, 31-39.
  • This study was done to discover perceptions, experiences, and patterns of health care behavior among Arab Americans. The sample consisted of a total of 67 individuals, which were divided into 10 focus groups. Six themes were identified: the unique caring behaviors of Arab families, the complexity of health care to Arab Americans, communication barriers, the diversity of perception to cultural competency, accessibility of care and workforce diversity issues.
• Labun E. (2001, September). Cultural Discovery in Nursing practice with Vietnamese clients. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 35, 874-881.
  • Nurses' experiences with Vietnamese patients can add to the knowledge base of how to provide culturally competent care. The purpose of this study was to investigate what North American nurses learned from their work with Vietnamese patients. Examining health care through semi-structured interviews with nurses who worked with Vietnamese clients in North America provided insight into culturally competent care.
• Malat, J. (2001, December). Social distance and patients' rating of healthcare providers. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42, 360-372.
  • This study focuses on finding a more subtle explanation for racial differences in care by assessing the role of social distance in accounting for whites’ better average rating of healthcare providers. The results of this study could aid in developing a more appropriate healthcare policy. The results showed that social distance from healthcare providers impacts African Americans’ and whites’ evaluations of their medical care.
• Napholz, L. (February 1999). A comparison of self-reported cultural competency skills among two groups of nursing students: implications for nursing education. Journal of Nursing Education, 38, 81-83.
  • This study was designed to examine self-reported cultural competency skills of second semester junior level nursing students towards clients from culturally diverse backgrounds. The sample consisted of junior level nursing students from two campuses. Convenience sampling was used. The results of this investigation suggested that nurse educators need to examine the differences in learning experiences related to cultural diversity that may account for the differences in attitudes of student nurses.
• Ryan, M., Twibell, R., Brigham, C, & Bennett, P. (2000, December). Learning to care for clients in their world, not mine. Journal of Nursing Education, 39, 401-408.
  • The purpose of this study was to describe the phenomena of being immersed in a different culture and to generate a conceptual map depicting process and outcomes of the experience. Strategies were identified that respondents used to adapt to their immersion. They included preparation activities, dependence on group support, use of coping skills, learning to communicate and think differently, and learning about differences in lifestyle and cultures.Scott, Penelope, (1998). Lay Beliefs and the Management of disease amongst West Indians with Diabetes. Health and Social Care in the Community, 6, 407-419.This study was done to explore the beliefs and management of the chronic disease, diabetes mellitus, in West Indians. In-depth interviews were done with 12 Caucasians and 12 West Indian diabetic patients. The study showed significant differences between Caucasians and West Indians regarding knowledge and beliefs about diabetes.
• Warda, M.R. (March 2000). Mexican Americans' perceptions of culturally competent care. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 22, 203-225.
  • This article identified competent concepts from the perspective of Mexican Americans. The focus group interview with Mexican American registered nurses and Mexican American lay recipients of health care were used to explore the participants’ subjective perceptions regarding the indicators of culturally competent care.
• Weinick, R.M.; Krauss N.A. (Nov 2000). Racial /Ethnic differences in children's access to care. American Journal of Public Heath, 90, 1771-1774.
• This study explored reasons for racial and ethnic differences in children’s usual source of care. Black and Hispanic children were substantially less likely than White children to have a usual source of care. These differences persisted after control for health insurance and socioeconomic status. Control for language ability, however, eliminated differences between Hispanic and White children.
• Wilson S., & Miles M., (2001) Spirituality in African American mothers coping with a seriously ill infant. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses, 6, 116-122.
  • The purpose of this study is to describe how African American mothers’ spirituality helped them cope during the time of their infants’ hospitalization for a serious illness. Fourteen mothers whose infants were seriously ill in the early months of life were interviewed for this retrospective, descriptive study. The results were that four mothers reported a strengthened faith, while two mothers continued to have difficulty relating to God or attending church.

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